【英語沖刺】搞定11個長難句高頻常考句型！

考研幫 · 發表于 2018-11-12 16:52

“得閱讀者的天下”，而“得長難句者得閱讀”。大家都知道閱讀題型當中的細節題占到了所有題目中半數以上，而細節題就是考查對原文中長難句的理解。其實，對十幾年真題分析，命題人對長難句的考查是有規律可循的，下面就是總結出來的長難句高頻常考句型，希望廣大考生未雨綢繆，早作準備。

?Top 1 復合句型-狀語從句
一、理論常識
狀語從句，屬于副詞性從句，簡單說就是從句在句子中擔任狀語，分為時間、目的、地點、條件、方式、讓步、比較、結果、原因9種狀語從句。
時間引導詞：when , after , before , while , until , till , since , as soon as , everytime , the moment等
地點引導詞：where , wherever等
原因引導詞：because , since=now that , as等
條件引導詞：if , whether , unless , as long as ,on condition that , providing that等
結果引導詞：so / such ... that , so等
目的引導詞：in order that , so that等
讓步引導詞：though , although , however , whatever=no matter what even if , even though , as （倒裝）等
方式引導詞：as , as if等
比較引導詞:than , as ... as , the more ... , the more ... 等

二、真題舉例
例句1：While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role , informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development .
【重點詞匯解析】transmit，vt. 傳輸、傳播 vi. 傳輸、發射信號；（in）formal，adj. （非）正式的
【參考翻譯】盡管正式的學習過程是由挑選出來擔當此角色的教師來進行的，非正式的學習過程卻是作為孩子成長的自然一部分而完成的。
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例句2：While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others , and thus lead to conflict , it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable , although competition is .
【重點詞匯解析】territory，n. 領土、版圖；expense，n. 代價、損失 vt. 向……收取費用；inevitable，adj. 不可避免的
【參考翻譯】雖然這種競爭會引發以他人利益為代價的領土擴張行動，因此也會引發沖突，但卻不能認為類似于戰爭的國家間的沖突不可避免，盡管競爭是不可避免的。
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例句3： While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed , this need not always be the case .
【重點詞匯解析】favor，vt. 喜歡、贊成 n. 喜愛
【參考翻譯】盡管迄今為止互聯網似乎更加青睞國際社會中的發達領域，而非不太發達的領域，情形并不總是如此。

?Top 2 復合句型-定語從句
一、理論常識
在復合句中作定語，修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句。
結構：先行詞＋關系詞（分為關系副詞和關系代詞）＋從句
關系代詞（that , who , which , whose , as)
關系副詞(when , where , why , how)
定語從句分為限制性定語從句及非限制定語從句，限定從直接放在先行詞后，非限定從與先行詞之間要加逗號。

二、真題舉例
例句1：The Aswan Dam , for example , stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity .
【重點詞匯解析】deprive sb. of sth. 剝奪某人某物；silt，n. 淤泥 v. （使）淤塞
【參考翻譯】例如，阿斯旺大壩阻止了尼羅河的洪水侵襲，但是也奪去了埃及的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥---這一切換來的卻是一個巨大的病態的水庫，這個水庫積滿了淤泥，以至于幾乎不能發電了。
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例句2：The second , by Joshua Greenberge , takes a more empirical approach to universality , identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages , which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints . (2012,49)
【重點詞匯解析】empirical，adj. 經驗主義的；result from 由……造成；cognitive，adj. 認知的
【參考翻譯】第二個為此做出努力的人是約書亞·格林伯格，他采用經驗主義的方法來研究普遍性，確認多種語言(尤其是語序方面的)共同特征，這些特征被認為是體現了由于認知局限性而帶來的偏見。
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例句3：His function is analogous to that of a judge , who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision . (2006,47)
【重點詞匯解析】analogous，adj. 類似的；reveal，vt. 揭露；reason，n. 理由 v. 推論
【參考翻譯】他的職責類似于法官的職責，后者必須承擔起這樣的責任：用盡可能明顯的方式來揭示讓他做出決定的推理過程。

?Top 3 復合句型-同位語從句
一、理論常識
同位語從句是對其前面的抽象名詞（例如：idea , insistence , instruction , order , plan , proposal等）進行解釋說明，被解釋說明的詞和同位語在邏輯上是主表關系。同位語從句的結構一定是先行詞加引導詞加上從句的構成，that并不是唯一可以引導同位語從句的引導詞，whether , why , who . 從句一定要具有完整的句子結構，主謂賓都必須齊全，引導詞不充當任何成分。
常見先行詞：
belief , fact , hope , idea , doubt , news , rumor , conclusion , evidence ,suggestion , problem , order , answer , decision , discovery , explanation , information , knowledge , law , opinion , truth , promise , report , thought , statement , rule , possibility .

二、真題舉例
例句1：Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them . (2010,46)
【重點詞匯解析】distinctly，adv. 明顯地；eat up 吃光、耗盡
【參考翻譯】科學家急忙用一些明顯站不住腳的證據去營救，證據內容是如果鳥類不能控制昆蟲的話，他們會把我們吃光。
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例句2：But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the media . (2007,48)
【重點詞匯解析】profoundly，adv. 深刻地；rest on 依靠、信賴
【參考翻譯】但是新聞記者必須比普通公民更深刻的理解法律，這種觀點基/依賴于新聞媒體對慣例和特殊責任的理解。
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例句3：Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states , large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws .
【重點詞匯解析】sovereign，n. 君主、獨立國 adj. 有主權的；viable，adj. 可行的；integrate，v. （使……）成整體 adj. 整合的
【參考翻譯】他們普遍認為新生的國家是擁有主權和完全獨立的國家，大到經濟上可運行良好，并由一套共同法律讓各個新的獨立國家聯合起來。

?Top 4 并列句型
一、理論常識
由并列連詞連接、含有兩個或更多主謂結構的句子叫并列句。
表示轉折對比關系的并列連詞
1. but
2. yet 但是；盡管如此
3. while 而，但是，可是，卻
表示因果關系的并列連詞
1. for 因為
2. so 因此
表示選擇關系的連詞or
表示并列關系的并列連詞
1. and 和，同，與，又，并且
2. not only ... but also ... 不僅……而且
3. neither ... nor ... 既不……也不
4. both ... and ... 既……又
其他并列連詞
1. not ... but ... 不是……而是
2. rather than 而不是；與其……寧愿
3. when 正當那時，相當于and at that time

二、真題舉例
例句1：In the American economy , the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights , including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual .
【重點詞匯解析】embrace，v. 擁抱、包含 n. 擁抱；productive，adj. 生產（性）的；contract，n. 合同 v. 訂約
【參考翻譯】在美國經濟中，私有財產的概念不僅包含對生產資源的所有權，也指其他一些特定的權利，如確定一個產品價格和與另一個私人個體自由簽定合同的權利。
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例句2：In addition , the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation .
【重點詞匯解析】estimate，vi. 估計、估價 vt. 估計、評價 n. 估計、判斷；patent，n. 專利權 vt. 授予專利
【參考翻譯】另外，有的公司用來鑒定關系的計算機程序或許已經申請了專利保護，并不接受同行評審或外界的評估。

?Top 5 倒裝句型
一、理論常識
倒裝句的幾種形式
1. 以here , there ,then , now , next引出的倒裝句。
Here comes the special guest of the party .
There seem to be many beautiful girls in the university .
2. 以表地點的介詞短語引出的倒裝句。
At the school gate stood an old woman .
Under the tree are sitting some students .
On the bed lay a big teddy bear .
注意：主語為代詞是不用倒裝。
3. 以表示方位的副詞引出的倒裝句。
Off went the horse .
Down fell a dozen apples .
4. 否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首。
Never have I seen such a good teacher .
Not a moment did he waste on campus .
By no means should she be left alone .
Under no circumstances will I believe you .
5. only置于句首。
Only in this way can we make a difference .
6. as / though引導讓步狀語從句。
Rich as he is , he spends a cent on charity .
Try as / though he does , he never seems able to get a high score in the exams .
7. 在虛擬條件句中，連詞if省略時，即將were , had , should等詞提到句首。
Were I you , I would take this chance .
Should he come tomorrow , he would help us to settle the problem .

二、真題舉例
Odd though it sounds , cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics , and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
【重點詞匯解析】plausible，adj. 貌似可信的；consequence，n. 結果、推論；astrophysicist，n. 天體物理學家
【參考翻譯】盡管它聽起來很奇怪，宇宙膨脹說是在基礎粒子物理學中的一些公認的觀點在科學上貌似可信的推論，并且很多天體物理學家在近十年中已經相信這種理論是真實的。

?Top 6 插入句型結構
一、理論常識
插入結構表示說話人的態度和看法，解釋或者說明整個句子，去掉之后句子仍然完整。插入結構的成分可以是副詞、形容詞短語、介詞短語、不定式短語、分詞短語或者主謂結構。在這就不一一論述了。但值得注意的是插入語的翻譯，有些插入語，尤其是位于句首的插入語，可保持原文中的詞序。然而，在許多情況下，需要對英語原文句子的順序作必要的調整，使譯文符合漢語習慣。

二、真題舉例
But , for a small group of students , professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills , all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a job and not .
【參考翻譯】但是，對一小部分學生來說，專業訓練也是條可取的路徑。因為在其他因素相同的情況下，技能的嫻熟是得到工作與否的關鍵。

?Top 7 強調句型結構
一、理論常識
強調主要有兩種形式：
1. 強調謂語
Eg1 ： I love you . —> I do love you . —> I did love you .
Eg2 ： Cell phone / Internet / computer brings us convenience .
—> Cell phone / Internet / computer does bring us convenience .
2. 強調句式：It is / was + 被強調成分 +that / who + 句子其他成分。
【步驟】
a. 先寫出正確的簡單句、并列句或復合句，明確單句的各個成分。
b. 在被強調成分（除謂語和補語外）兩邊添加it is / was 和that / who，其他成分不變，必要時調整順序。
【強調句式特征】去掉it is / was ... that / who結構，整個句子無冗余或成分殘缺。
Eg1 ： My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study .
—> It is my mother who / that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study .
—> It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart .

二、真題舉例
Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .
【重點詞匯解析】couple with 與……相結合；maximize，v. 取……最大值、達到最大值
【參考翻譯】因此，在美國的經濟體系中，個體消費者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤的欲望和個人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結合，一起決定了什么應該被制造，以及資源如何被用來制造它們。

?Top 8 否定句型結構
一、理論常識
1. 部分否定
Not both of them are my brothers .
Both of them are not my brothers .
All is not gold that glitters .
2. 雙重否定
雙重否定分為三種：
肯定型：There are no roses without thorns .
強調型：I just can’t do nothing .
委婉型：I can’t hardly read your hand writing .
3. 幾乎否定
She is barely right .
I seldom got any sleep last night .
Few people can understand why he did it .

二、真題舉例
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry .
【重點詞匯解析】methodology，n. 方法論；refer to 參考、涉及、指的是； branch，n. 分支 v. 分支、出現分歧
【參考翻譯】所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史研究中各個具體領域使用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。

?Top 9 比較句型結構
一、理論常識
比較結構
1. no/not ... other than
2. the 比較級……，the 比較級……
3. rather ... than ...
4. more than / no more than
5. less than / no less than
6. more A than B / no more A than B
7. less A than B / no less A than B
8. nothing else than
10. as much as
11. not as ... as ...
12. not so much ... as ...

二、真題舉例
They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries , but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment . (2006,50)
【重點詞匯解析】reflection，n. 反射、沉思；involve，n. 涉及、包含
【參考翻譯】他們可能擅長教書，而且不僅僅專注于賺錢，但是這些人大部分對涉及人類道德判斷的問題很少或沒有進行獨立的思考。

?Top 10 省略句型結構
一、真題舉例
However , it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough . (05,完型)
【重點詞匯解析】insensitive，adj. 感覺遲鈍的；expose，vt. 使曝光、揭露、顯示
【參考翻譯】然而我們卻發現，即使某些人開始時對某種氣味不敏感，如果經常接觸這種氣味，也會對它敏感起來。

?Top 11 經典文章及長難句挑選
一、經典文章及長難句挑選
前十部分中已經論述了各大重點高考頻句型，接下來第二部分考研幫學堂的老師為2018廣大考生從真題閱讀理解部分中精心挑選出了16篇經典文章（挑選標準：題材常考、結構嚴謹、語言表達值得借鑒），建議大家做到三件事：1. 翻譯全文；2. 背誦全文；3. 默寫全文。
另外，幫幫還為時間緊張的小朋友精心挑選出每篇文章中的經典句子，來不及翻譯全篇就翻譯這些句子吧，再背下來，默寫，這種學習方法已經得到無數學哥學姐的驗證，相信：你做到就會得到。

【2006年 Text2】
1.And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.
譯文：另一方是當地居民，他們在很大程度上依賴那些“來此不是為了看戲，而是為了看安妮?海瑟薇（注：莎士比亞的妻子）小屋、莎士比亞出生地以及其他景點”的觀光客生活。
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2.It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.
譯文：當你想到養活他們的莎士比亞本人就是個（留著胡須的）演員而且噪音制造也有他一份時，這真是絕妙的諷刺。
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3.Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.
譯文：希爾頓集團正在那里建造自己的酒店，你幾乎可以肯定它會配備哈姆雷特漢堡吧、李爾休息室、班柯宴會包間等，而且會非常奢華。
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4.They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
譯文：雖然他們來自世界各地，但是看起來卻都很相像——身材消瘦，棱角分明，表情專注，穿著牛仔褲和涼鞋，啃著圓面包，躺在劇院外的石板上過夜，等著在上午十點半售票處開門時購買預留給露宿者的20張坐票和80張站票。

【2006年 Text3】
1.That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.
譯文：這就意味著更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕撈，因此現在和過去之間的真正差異很可能比捕獲量變化所顯示出的差異更大。
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2.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
譯文：有些魚只之所以沒有被捕捉，是因為沒有可利用的帶餌魚鉤來誘捕它們，導致了對過去魚類資源量的低估。
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3.That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.
譯文：而這很重要，因為理論認為當目標物種的生物量大約為其原始水平的50%時，從漁場中能夠獲得最大持續漁獲量。

【2007年 Text2】
1.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?
譯文：那么莎凡能巧妙應對（智商為100的）普通人提出的諸如“愛和喜歡有何區別”或“運氣和巧合的本質是什么”這類問題，這有點令人費解。
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2.It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
譯文：想象物體（形狀）和破解數值模式的能力如何使人能夠解答那些難倒一些最優秀詩人和哲學家的問題，這一點很難理解。
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3.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.
譯文：任何熬過“學術能力評估測試（SAT）”的人都可以證明，應試技巧也很重要，無論是知道何時應該測試或是（知道）何題應該跳過。

【2007年 Text4】
1.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them - especially in America - the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.
譯文：正當老板、董事會們總算解決了最為棘手的財務和合規問題，并且改善了薄弱的公司治理之際，一個新的問題又可能為他們惹來——尤其是在美國——那種不可避免地使管理層受重罰的負面頭條，這個問題就是：數據不安全。
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2.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore - and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
譯文：無疑的是，即使最愚笨的管理人員也應該會清楚地知道：信任，也即經濟資產中最具價值的東西，很容易遭到破壞而修復起來代價高昂；沒有什么事情比企業任由個人敏感信息落入別有用心的人手中更能破壞信任的了。
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3.Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
譯文：與此同時，美國6月17日披露的一起涉及大約4000萬信用卡賬戶的信息失竊案，又使得美國聯邦貿易委員會頭一天（16日）做出的一項極為重大的決議——該決議警告美國商界，如果公司不能充分保障數據的安全，那么監管機構就會采取措施——顏面盡失。

【2009年 Text3】
1.Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.
譯文：毫無疑問，這兩個領域的進步對于這些貧困國家以及所有其他國家的社會、政治以及智力的發展而言都是必不可少的；然而，“為促進貧困國家經濟快速發展，教育應該被放在最優先考慮的位置”這一傳統觀點卻是錯的。
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2.We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.
譯文：我們很慶幸這種觀點是錯的，因為在這些國家建立新的教育體制，隨后讓足夠多的人接受教育以提高經濟表現，將需要兩三代的時間。
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3.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.
譯文：更近些時候，研究者在調查房屋建筑時發現，盡管建筑業的工作很復雜，但是德克薩斯州休斯頓市那些不識字、不會說英語的墨西哥工人卻始終能達到勞動生產率的最佳實踐標準。

【2010年 Text2】
1.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.
譯文：在一次令知識產權律師們議論紛紛的舉措中，美國聯邦巡回上訴法院宣稱，它將利用一起特殊案件對商業方法專利開展廣泛復審。
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2.Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.
譯文：對商業方法專利申請的限制會是一次戲劇性的180度大轉變，因為正是聯邦巡回法院自身在1998年被稱為“道富銀行案”的裁決中引入了此類專利，批準了一項共同基金資產籌集方法的專利。
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3.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions.
譯文：那個裁決導致了商業方法專利申請卷宗的激增，起初是新興網絡公司試圖對特定類型的在線交易占得專有權。
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4.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.
譯文：聯邦巡回法院發布了一項不同尋常的法令，宣稱此案將由該法院全部12位法官聽審，而不是典型的三人組聽審，并且宣稱法院想要評估一個問題，即，是否需要“重新審議”對道富銀行案的裁決。

【2010年 Text3】
1.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.
譯文：營銷人員已經接納了這一“兩級流動理論”，因為該理論認為，他們只需找到有影響力人士，并對其施加影響，那么這些精挑細選出來的有影響力人士就可以為他們做大部分工作。
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2.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.
譯文：而根據兩級流動理論，恰恰是這些不是名人但具有影響力的人，通過直接影響他們的朋友和同事，推動了社會流行潮。
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3.For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.
譯文：但是，一種社會流行潮要最終形成，每個受到有影響力人士影響的人都必須接著影響自己的熟人，繼而這些熟人又必須再影響他們的熟人，并依次影響下去；這些人中的每個人能得到多少人關注與最初的有影響力人士并無多大關系。

【2012年 Text3】
1.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.
譯文：在理想化的科學研究中，有關這個世界的真相等待著運用科學方法開展研究的客觀的研究者們去觀察和收集。
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2.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.
譯文：在科學界這個復雜的社會結構中，研究者做出發現；編輯和評審者通過控制發現的發表過程來扮演看門人的角色；其他科學家則使用這一新發現來滿足自己的需要；最后，公眾（包括其他科學家）接受這個新發現以及可能隨之而來的技術。
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3.As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
譯文：在發現聲明通過科學界的逐級審查之時，與該科技相容或相抗的理念間的相互作用、相互對抗把個人的研究發現轉變成科學界的可信發現。
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4.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.
譯文：（如此一來）貌似重要且令人信服的新發表的發現聲明和可信發現總是面對后來研究者的質疑、修改、甚至推翻，便不足為奇了。

【2013年 Text2】
1.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
譯文：在過去幾個星期里，一場爭論表明了這些精準信息對于廣告商的價值：廣告商應該假定用戶樂于被追蹤并收到廣告嗎？還是應該獲取用戶的明確許可？
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2.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before.
譯文：“禁止追蹤”看來也不是Windows 8的明顯巨大賣點——盡管此前微軟在這方面將旗下的其他一些產品與谷歌進行比較，優勢明顯。

【2014年 Text4】
1.The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.
譯文：美國人文與科學院（AAAS）剛剛發布的報告《問題的核心》值得表揚，因為它肯定了人文與社會科學對美國自由民主體制的繁榮和安全的重要性。
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2.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”
譯文：2010年，國會重要民主黨人和共和黨人向美國人文與科學院致信，要求其界定出能夠被“聯邦、州、地方政府、大學、基金會、教育工作者、私人捐助者等”采取的行動，以“維護國家在人文與社會科學研究及教育領域的卓越地位”。
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3.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.
譯文：為了鼓勵創新和競爭，報告呼吁加大科研投資，精心制定連貫課程以提高學生在21世紀解決問題以及有效溝通的能力；增加對老師的資助，并鼓勵學者應用他們的學識來應對當今的巨大挑戰。

【2015年 Text2】
1.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.
譯文：加利福尼亞州已請求法官們不要作出一刀切裁決，尤其是“推翻‘執法當局在逮捕時可搜查嫌疑犯財物’這一舊有假定”的一刀切裁決。
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2.They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant.
譯文：在面臨嚴峻、緊急情況之時，他們還可以懸置第四修正案的保護條例；在等待搜查令之時，他們也可以采取適當的措施以保證手機數據不被刪除或更改。

【2015年 Text4】
1.This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
譯文：她認為，這種同樣的道德目的缺失正在傷及諸如新聞國際這樣的公司，使它更可能如同曾經的大規模非法電話竊聽一樣誤入歧途。
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2.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived.
譯文：其中揭露的驚人真相之一是麗貝卡?布魯克斯對于其新聞編輯室中所發生的事情知曉的有多么少，她曾想到要設法過問的事情又有多么少，甚至于她從來都沒有詢問過這些新聞報道到底是怎么來的。

【2016年 Text1】
1.It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.
譯文：它責令時尚業必須對其發送給女性，尤其是十幾歲的少女的信號負責，這些信號是她們必須用來衡量自身個人價值的社會尺度。
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2.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.
譯文：新修訂的《丹麥時尚道德憲章》明確聲明：“我們知曉并為時尚業對身材典范的影響，尤其是對年輕人的影響負責。”憲章的主要強制手段為，拒絕設計師和模特經紀公司參加丹麥時裝協會舉辦的哥本哈根時裝周（CFW）。

【2016年 Text4】
1.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online - only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints.
譯文：需要制作實體報紙的基礎結構——印刷機、運貨車——不光是貴；在一個只做線上內容的競爭對手們不存在同樣一系列財務約束的年代，這一結構的代價過高。
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2."But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes.
譯文：“不過如果在市場發生變化，世界改變的情況下，我們做事不明智的話，我們也會遇到相同的問題。在那種情況下，多些沖勁兒比少些更好。”

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